interchange 3

We shall never enjoy another place like Ipsamboul; the absolute solitude of it - the
absence of a present, of any of one’s fellow-creatures … I came out of the [temple] and
looked again upon the glorious colossi. I wish all my friends could see them once in their
lives, if only for a moment; or that I could describe to anyone the look of intense repose
in those faces

Those were the words written by British medical worker Florence Nightingale. She
traveled to Egypt in eighteen forty-nine to explore its many sites. She is describing the
temple of Abu Simbel in southern Egypt. Like many European visitors, Miss Nightingale
wrote a detailed description of her months of travel through this country

Our own trip down the Nile begins at the temple of Abu Simbel. The Egyptian ruler
Ramses the Second built this extraordinary temple over three thousand two hundred years
ago. The temple is dedicated to the Egyptian gods Ra-Horakhty, Amun and Ptah. But it is
really meant to show the power and strength of Ramses the Second who led Egypt for over sixty years. Like other pharaohs, Ramses was considered an earthly representation
of a god

Four twenty-meter tall statues of Ramses guard the front of the temple, which is carved
into the side of a mountain. Staring up at these huge statues, you suddenly feel very small
and impermanent compared to this timeless structure.
Inside the temple, detailed carvings on the walls show Ramses defeating his enemies in
battle. The walls also show examples of hieroglyphics, the form of Egyptian writing that
uses pictures. This is the oldest known system of writing in the world

Like many Egyptian temples, Abu Simbel has a first room or hypostyle hall filled with
column supports. Next, there is a second hall, followed by a sanctuary.
Only religious workers and the pharaoh were permitted to enter this last room. The
sanctuary of Abu Simbel contains statues of the temple’s four gods

Next to this building is a smaller temple honoring the wife of Ramses the second,
Nefertari. In the nineteen sixties, both temples were moved stone by stone from their
original sites and rebuilt two hundred meters away. This was done as protection from the
rising water of the Nile as a result of the building of the Aswan High Dam

Our trip continues in the town of Aswan where many travelers start their river trip on a
boat that is like a hotel. There are many interesting places to visit in Aswan. They include
the Nubian museum, the Aswan Botanical Gardens and the Old Cataract Hotel. The
British mystery writer Agatha Christie wrote part of her book “Death on The Nile” in this
hotel

You can also visit the Aswan High Dam and the water it collects in Lake Nasser, the
largest man-made lake in the world. The dam was built starting in nineteen sixty under
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Its aim was to control the flow of water of the
Nile. The dam has greatly increased the amount of farmland in Egypt and supplies the
country with hydroelectric power. But the dam has also caused environmental and
cultural problems. Our guide, Egypt expert Mohamed Fahmy tells us about the native
people most affected by the dam.
MOHAMED FAHMY: "The Nubians used to live here. There were one hundred
thousand Nubians living in this place. But after the creation of the lake they had to be displaced. Half of them decided to stay in Aswan. They took the left bank of Aswan to be
their new Nubia. The rest of them, they went to Sudan

Another popular area near Aswan is the Greco-Roman temple of Philae. Philae is one of
many monuments built after the Macedonian warrior Alexander the Great took control of
Egypt about two thousand three hundred years ago.
One of his generals, Ptolemy, took control of Egypt after Alexander’s death. He
established a line of Ptolemaic leaders that ruled for three hundred years. To see Philae,
visitors must take a boat to a small island

If you go at night, you can see a sound and light show. During the show, recorded voices
of actors give a theatrical history of the temple while it is lit up in bright colors.
ACTOR: "Oh Nile, father of life. All hail to you. When your waters rise and your bounty
overwhelms us.
The earth trembles with ecstasy, life is reborn, all is nurtured.
But when you subside, the very gods despair.
And men become slighter than their shadows

This temple was built in honor of the goddess Isis over two thousand years ago. One of
the most famous buildings at Philae is the Kiosk of Trajan. It was a favorite subject in
paintings by nineteenth century European travelers

Continuing down the Nile, we arrive at the temple of Kom Ombo. This Ptolemaic temple
was built to honor two gods, the crocodile god Sobek and Haroeris. It is unusual because
it has double gates and rooms in order to honor both gods. The wall carvings show the
traditions and daily life of Egyptians. One wall has detailed carvings of medical tools.
Our guide Mohamed Fahmy tells us about them

MOHAMED FAHMY: "Here they depicted some of their medical instruments. Come
closer to see it. Most of these, we are still using today. You can see a scissor, you can see
a sponge, two stones to sharpen the cutters. And you can see a scale to weigh the
materials. You can see two eyes in here. These are the eyes of Horus, symbol of
protection."
Further north, there is also the Temple of Horus at Edfu. This Ptolemaic temple is one of
the most completely preserved temples in Egypt

Now, we sail about one hundred kilometers north. This gives us time to enjoy the river
scenes along the Nile. From the boat you can see palm trees, children playing in fields
and local people rowing small boats. And you can wave to travelers on other hotel boats.
Our next stop is the ancient city of Thebes, known today as Luxor

Starting around three thousand five hundred years ago, a series of pharaohs built secret
burial structures in the nearby Valley of the Kings. Pharaohs chose to be buried in this
rocky area because it was far away from people and easy to protect. These burial
structures were more secretive than the large pyramids of earlier pharaohs. Builders of
these tombs dug tunnels that led to burial rooms for the ruler’s body and his treasures.
These objects and the many paintings on the walls were designed to help the ruler in the
next life

Few things were as important to Egyptian rulers as preparing for their death while they
were still alive. This meant building complex burial structures that could help guarantee
they would live forever in the afterlife. Egyptians developed a detailed method of
preserving dead bodies, called mummification.
They believed that a body had to be carefully prepared and stored to survive in the
afterlife

The most famous tomb in the valley belonged to the pharaoh Tutankhamun. He was not
known for his activities as a ruler. Instead, he is famous for the treasures found in his
tomb when it was discovered in the nineteen twenties. Most other tombs in the area were
robbed over the centuries. But this one was in perfect condition and has taught experts a
great deal about Egyptian funeral traditions

Also nearby is the village of Karnak. It was built to honor the gods of Thebes, a capital of
Egypt in ancient times. For over fifteen hundred years different pharaohs built their own
additions to the series of buildings at Karnak. The most striking room of the Karnak
Temple is the Great Hypostyle Hall, which covers six thousand square meters. It contains
one hundred thirty-four huge stone columns. The columns were once brightly painted and
held up a roof covering


The pharaoh Amenhotep built the central area of the nearby temple of Luxor about three
thousand three hundred years ago. Other rulers also added to the building. At the entrance
to the temple there is a long row of sphinx statues that once measured three kilometers
long. These sphinx statues combine the body of a lion with the head of a human. Visiting
this place at night is pure magic. As you walk along the rows of glowing sphinx statues,
you feel like you have traveled back through time to a very ancient and extraordinary
past